Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation." Alternatively, holders may use post-nominal letters such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil", depending on the awarding institution. Individuals who have earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree use the title Doctor (often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr."), although the etiquette associated with this usage may be subject to the professional ethics of the particular scholarly field, culture, or society. The completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. ![]() ![]() ![]() Doctor of Philosophy conferred in 1973 from the State University of New York at BuffaloĪ Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae code: lat promoted to code: la ) is the most common degree at the highest academic level, awarded following a course of study and research.
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